WHERE TO SELL
Where in the world can you sell power?
Some places let anyone with a meter sell to the grid. Some let only small businesses or only large plants. Some let nobody sell and simply credit your bill. This is the table we qualify a site location against before we talk about financing it: who may sell, how they are paid, what the wires allow, who buys, and which exchanges and marketplaces serve that part of the world.
In plain language
Four kinds of place, and what each lets you do.
Every row below carries one of four badges. Read the badge first; it tells you which of the five routes on the Energy Markets page are open, and roughly what kind of contract a basket in that place would be written on.
Open market
Anyone who makes power can sell it
Households and small businesses are credited or paid for export by a retailer or the network; larger sites sign PPAs or sell through an aggregator on a wholesale exchange. Retailers compete for customers. Examples: Texas, Great Britain, Germany, Australia's east coast.
Regulated export
You can sell, at a rate someone sets for you
Net metering, net billing or a feed-in tariff pays for export at a regulated price. The buyer is the utility. PPAs and wholesale access usually start above a size threshold. Examples: Colorado, California, India, Brazil, Chile.
Single buyer
One utility buys everything
No exchange, no choice of retailer, no household PPA. Export is credited against your bill at a regulated rate and larger plants sell only to the state utility. Examples: Costa Rica, Honduras, Dubai.
Emerging
The rules are being written now
Open access, wheeling or net metering exists on paper and is being implemented licence by licence. Self-consumption and displaced diesel carry the project today; the sale of surplus is the upside. Examples: Kenya, Nigeria, Vietnam.
For the specialist · how to use the table
"Who may sell" tells you the size and customer class the export rules apply to, because most jurisdictions draw the line by kilowatts: a household scheme up to 10 or 100 kW, a small-business or community tier to 500 kW or 1 MW, and open-access or wholesale participation above that, often only through a licensed representative. "Interconnection and limits" is where the physics meets the paperwork: caps on export, hosting-capacity maps, connection queues and whether the network company must connect you or may refuse. "Buyers" and "venues" are the counterparties a basket in that place would actually contract with and the price references it would mark against. Companies and bodies are named as examples of roles; none is a partner of ANEW and none endorses this page.
The world table
Who may sell, how they are paid, and who buys.
Filter by region. Everything here is a summary of public rules as understood at the time of writing; they change, and a site is always qualified against the current rules of its own utility and regulator.
Open marketRegulated exportSingle buyerEmerging
PlaceWho may sellHow export is paidInterconnection & limitsBuyersVenues & platforms
North America
🇺🇸 Texas (ERCOT)Open marketWho may sellAnyone in the competitive areas; municipal utilities and co-ops set their own terms.How export is paidSolar buyback plans offered by retail electric providers; no state-mandated net metering. Rate is the retailer's offer.InterconnectionDistribution utility interconnects under PUCT rules; export limits per plan. ERCOT piloting aggregated distributed resources.BuyersRetail electric providers; corporate and utility off-takers under PPA.VenuesERCOT day-ahead and real-time; ICE and Nodal ERCOT futures; LevelTen for PPAs.
🇺🇸 CaliforniaRegulated exportWho may sellHouseholds and businesses under the Net Billing Tariff; larger plants via PPA or wholesale.How export is paidAvoided-cost export credits that vary by hour; evening export from storage is worth several times midday export.InterconnectionRule 21; utilities publish hosting-capacity maps; storage-first designs favoured.BuyersPG&E, SCE, SDG&E; community choice aggregators; corporate off-takers.VenuesCAISO markets and DER aggregation; ICE and Nodal SP15/NP15 futures.
🇺🇸 ColoradoRegulated exportWho may sellHouseholds and businesses under net metering; community solar gardens for subscribers.How export is paidNet metering at the retail rate for investor-owned utilities and cooperatives.InterconnectionUtility interconnection with size tiers; no organised wholesale market for small sites yet.BuyersXcel Energy, Black Hills, cooperatives; community solar subscribers.VenuesBilateral PPAs; utilities joining regional markets over the coming years.
🇺🇸 New YorkRegulated exportWho may sellHouseholds on net metering; community and commercial projects under the value stack.How export is paidValue of Distributed Energy Resources: energy, capacity, environmental and locational components, credited monthly.InterconnectionStandardised interconnection with hosting-capacity maps; strong community-solar pipeline.BuyersCon Edison, National Grid and other utilities; community-solar subscribers.VenuesNYISO; ICE and Nodal NYISO futures; NYSERDA programmes set the credits.
🇺🇸 Arizona · FloridaRegulated exportWho may sellHouseholds and businesses; utilities own most large generation.How export is paidArizona: export rate set below retail and stepped down annually. Florida: net metering with investor-owned utilities.InterconnectionUtility interconnection; export limited by tariff design more than by the wires.BuyersAPS, SRP, TEP; FPL, Duke, TECO.VenuesBilateral; WECC and SERC bilateral markets rather than a central exchange.
🇨🇦 Ontario · AlbertaRegulated exportWho may sellOntario: net metering for any customer up to 10 MW. Alberta: micro-generators up to 5 MW, with retail choice.How export is paidOntario credits at the retail rate. Alberta pays the customer's retailer rate for export.InterconnectionDistributor connection with size tiers; Alberta has an open wholesale market.BuyersLocal distribution companies; Alberta retailers and off-takers.VenuesIESO (Ontario); AESO power pool (Alberta); bilateral PPAs.
Latin America
🇨🇷 Costa RicaSingle buyerWho may sellAny customer for self-consumption with export credit; private plants only to ICE within Law 7200 caps.How export is paidDistributor credits export at the ARESEP-set rate against the bill.InterconnectionDistributor connection under the distributed-generation rules; no domestic wholesale market.BuyersICE, CNFL, JASEC, ESPH and four cooperatives.VenuesRegional MER through ICE only. No exchange access for sites.
🇵🇦 PanamaOpen marketWho may sellCustomers with distributed generation; licensed generators of any size in the wholesale market.How export is paidNet metering credits through the distributor; larger plants by contract or spot.InterconnectionDistributor connection; the regional MER hub sits here.BuyersDistributors ENSA and Naturgy Panama; large consumers and traders.VenuesCND-run wholesale market; MER; ASEP regulates.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · 🇸🇻 El SalvadorOpen marketWho may sellDistributed generators through distributors; any licensed generator in the wholesale market.How export is paidDistributed renewable generation schemes credit or pay through the distributor; spot and contracts above that.InterconnectionDistributor connection; both countries trade actively on the MER.BuyersDistributors, traders and large users.VenuesAMM (Guatemala), UT (El Salvador), MER.
🇲🇽 MexicoRegulated exportWho may sellDistributed generation up to 500 kW with CFE; larger plants under an increasingly state-led market.How export is paidNet metering, net billing or total sale options with CFE.InterconnectionCFE interconnection; wholesale participation has tightened under recent reforms.BuyersCFE; qualified users under legacy contracts.VenuesCENACE-run wholesale market; policy in flux, verify before relying on it.
🇨🇴 ColombiaRegulated exportWho may sellSmall-scale self-generators up to 1 MW sell surplus; larger plants in the wholesale market.How export is paidSurplus credited or bought by the retailer under Law 1715 rules.InterconnectionNetwork operator connection with simplified procedures for small scale.BuyersRetailers such as Enel Colombia, EPM, Celsia.VenuesXM operates the market and exchange; long-term auctions.
🇨🇱 ChileOpen marketWho may sellNet billing up to 300 kW; small distributed plants up to 9 MW under the PMGD scheme; any generator above.How export is paidNet billing at the node price; PMGD plants can take a stabilised price.InterconnectionDistributor connection; a mature market with heavy solar curtailment in the north.BuyersDistributors (Enel, CGE); large customers under PPAs; traders.VenuesCoordinador Eléctrico spot market; very active PPA market.
🇧🇷 BrazilRegulated exportWho may sellDistributed generation up to 5 MW under the 2022 framework; free-market access widening for larger consumers.How export is paidEnergy compensation credits against the bill, with network charges phasing in.InterconnectionDistributor connection; huge pipeline, congestion in some states.BuyersDistributors; free-market traders and consumers.VenuesCCEE free market; regulated auctions.
Europe
🇫🇷 FranceRegulated exportWho may sellRooftop systems sell surplus or full output under a purchase obligation; larger plants by tender or PPA.How export is paidFeed-in tariff contracts for smaller systems; market price plus contracts for difference above.InterconnectionEnedis connects and studies reinforcement; RTE balances the system.BuyersEDF (purchase obligation), aggregators, corporate off-takers.VenuesEPEX SPOT; EEX futures; EDF Trading and peers for route to market.
🇩🇪 GermanyOpen marketWho may sellAnyone. Small systems get a feed-in tariff; above 100 kW direct marketing through an aggregator is mandatory.How export is paidEEG feed-in tariff or market premium; aggregators pay market value.InterconnectionPriority connection for renewables; distribution operators must connect, with grid-congestion curtailment rules.BuyersAggregators (Next Kraftwerke, Statkraft, RWE), retailers, corporates.VenuesEPEX SPOT day-ahead and intraday; EEX futures and guarantees of origin.
🇪🇸 SpainOpen marketWho may sellSelf-consumers up to 100 kW get simplified surplus compensation; larger sites sell via a market representative.How export is paidSurplus compensation on the bill at a market-linked price; PPAs and merchant above.InterconnectionDistributor connection; collective self-consumption allowed; strong PPA market.BuyersIberdrola, Endesa, Naturgy; Axpo and Statkraft as PPA counterparties.VenuesOMIE day-ahead; OMIP futures; Pexapark price references.
🇮🇹 ItalyRegulated exportWho may sellHouseholds and businesses via the state agency GSE; energy communities receive incentives on shared energy.How export is paidDedicated withdrawal at market-linked prices as the older net-exchange scheme is phased out.InterconnectionDistributor connection (e-distribuzione and others); community rules by primary substation.BuyersGSE; Enel, Edison, A2A; community members.VenuesGME day-ahead; EEX Italian futures.
🇬🇧 Great BritainOpen marketWho may sellAnyone up to 5 MW must be offered an export tariff by larger suppliers; above that, PPAs and wholesale.How export is paidSmart Export Guarantee tariffs set by each supplier; some pay near wholesale, some far less.InterconnectionDistribution operators connect under G98/G99; flexible connections common; NESO balances.BuyersOctopus, EDF Energy, E.ON and other suppliers; corporate off-takers.VenuesEPEX and Nord Pool GB auctions; ICE UK power futures.
🇳🇱 NetherlandsOpen marketWho may sellAnyone; households have had full net metering, which is being phased out.How export is paidNet metering for now, then supplier feed-in payments; PPAs and merchant above.InterconnectionSevere grid congestion: connection queues for larger sites in many regions.BuyersEneco, Vattenfall, Essent and others; corporates.VenuesEPEX SPOT; TenneT balancing; ICE ENDEX.
🇸🇪 🇳🇴 🇩🇰 NordicsOpen marketWho may sellAnyone; "plus customers" up to about 100 kW sell surplus to their supplier.How export is paidSpot-linked payments from the supplier plus certificate and tax incentives.InterconnectionDistributor connection; strong hydro balancing keeps curtailment low.BuyersVattenfall, Fortum, Statkraft, Ørsted; retailers.VenuesNord Pool; Nasdaq Commodities Nordic futures.
Africa & Middle East
🇰🇪 KenyaEmergingWho may sellSelf-consumers with net metering up to 1 MW; eligible consumers and licensed retailers as 2024 open access is implemented.How export is paidNet metering credits; PPAs and wheeling for eligible consumers.InterconnectionKenya Power connection; grid capacity and reliability are the constraints.BuyersKenya Power today; licensed retailers and off-takers as the market opens.VenuesNone yet; EPRA-regulated bulk supply and open access.
🇿🇦 South AfricaEmergingWho may sellRegistered small-scale embedded generators; any generator under the licence exemption up to 100 MW; wheeling now permitted.How export is paidSome municipalities and Eskom pay for export at set rates; PPAs with wheeling for larger sites.InterconnectionMunicipal or Eskom connection; registration with NERSA.BuyersMunicipalities (Cape Town notably), Eskom, corporates via wheeling.VenuesNo exchange yet; bilateral PPAs and traders licensed by NERSA.
🇳🇬 NigeriaEmergingWho may sellMini-grids and captive generators under NERC rules; states taking over their own markets since the 2023 Electricity Act.How export is paidNet metering nascent; most value is displaced diesel and local mini-grid sales.InterconnectionDistribution companies with weak grids; islanding is the norm.BuyersDistribution companies; mini-grid customers.VenuesNone for small sites; NBET bulk trading at the top of the market.
🇬🇭 GhanaEmergingWho may sellNet-metering framework for customers; independent producers to the state utilities.How export is paidNet metering credits where implemented.InterconnectionECG and NEDCo connection; capacity constrained.BuyersECG, NEDCo; bulk customers.VenuesNone for small sites.
🇦🇪 UAE (Dubai)Single buyerWho may sellCustomers under the Shams Dubai rooftop programme; large plants only to the utility.How export is paidExport credited against the DEWA bill.InterconnectionDEWA connection and approval.BuyersDEWA.VenuesNone.
Asia-Pacific
🇦🇺 Australia (NEM)Open marketWho may sellAnyone; households through retailer feed-in tariffs and virtual power plants; larger sites via PPA or as market participants.How export is paidRetailer feed-in tariffs, low in most states; VPP payments for dispatchable storage.InterconnectionNetwork export limits (often 5 kW per phase), moving to dynamic operating envelopes.BuyersOrigin, AGL, EnergyAustralia and challengers; corporates.VenuesAEMO National Electricity Market; ASX electricity futures.
🇮🇳 IndiaRegulated exportWho may sellRooftop consumers under state net-metering rules (limits vary by state); open access from 100 kW under the 2022 green open access rules.How export is paidNet metering or net billing per state regulator; open-access PPAs above.InterconnectionState distribution company approval; open access charges apply.BuyersState distribution companies; corporate off-takers.VenuesIEX and PXIL exchanges; green day-ahead market.
🇯🇵 JapanRegulated exportWho may sellHouseholds and businesses under feed-in tariff or premium schemes; post-tariff surplus sold to retailers.How export is paidFeed-in tariff, feed-in premium, or retailer purchase offers after the tariff ends.InterconnectionRegional utility connection; curtailment in Kyushu and elsewhere.BuyersRegional utilities, new retailers, aggregators.VenuesJEPX spot; TOCOM electricity futures.
🇵🇭 PhilippinesRegulated exportWho may sellNet metering up to 100 kW; consumers above 100 kW may choose renewable suppliers.How export is paidNet metering credits at the utility's generation charge.InterconnectionDistribution utility connection; island grids constrain capacity.BuyersMeralco and other distribution utilities; retail suppliers.VenuesWESM wholesale spot market.
🇻🇳 VietnamEmergingWho may sellRooftop self-consumers; limited sale of surplus to the state utility under recent decrees.How export is paidSelf-consumption first; surplus sale capped and priced by decree.InterconnectionEVN connection; rules changed several times, verify current decree.BuyersEVN; direct PPAs for large consumers under the new mechanism.VenuesWholesale market for large generators only.
Summaries of public rules as understood at the time of writing (September 2026). They change and they are simplified; this table is a starting point for qualifying a location, not legal, regulatory or investment advice. Organisations named are examples of market roles, not partners of ANEW Energy, and no relationship or endorsement is implied. Trademarks belong to their owners.